Difference between revisions of "Calculating section factors"
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| − | The section factor of a [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|hot rolled open section]], a [[Steel_construction_products#Structural_hollow_sections|hot finished/formed hollow section]] or [[Steel_construction_products#Fabricated_products|fabricated girder]] is defined as the surface area of the member per unit length (A<sub>m</sub>) divided by the volume per unit length (V). It is measured in units of m<sup>-1</sup>. It is perhaps simpler to consider it as the heated perimeter of the exposed cross section (H<sub>p</sub>) divided by the total cross sectional area (A). These two definitions give the same answer for uniform cross-sections but the former is the manner in which it is referenced in the [[Design_using_structural_fire_standards#Fire_Eurocodes|fire Eurocodes]] and which dominates most current literature. Section factors vary from 25m<sup>-1</sup> for very large sections to over 300m<sup>-1</sup> for small, slender sections. | + | The section factor of a [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|hot rolled open section]], a [[Steel_construction_products#Structural_hollow_sections|hot finished/formed hollow section]] or [[Steel_construction_products#Fabricated_products|fabricated girder]] is defined as the surface area of the member per unit length (A<sub>m</sub>) divided by the volume per unit length (V). It is measured in units of m<sup>-1</sup>. It is perhaps simpler to consider it as the heated perimeter of the exposed cross section (H<sub>p</sub>) divided by the total cross-sectional area (A). These two definitions give the same answer for uniform cross-sections but the former is the manner in which it is referenced in the [[Design_using_structural_fire_standards#Fire_Eurocodes|fire Eurocodes]] and which dominates most current literature. Section factors vary from 25m<sup>-1</sup> for very large sections to over 300m<sup>-1</sup> for small, slender sections. |
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==Calculation of section factors for exposed sections== | ==Calculation of section factors for exposed sections== | ||
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{{#image_template:image=File:Blue_book_section_factors.png|caption=Format for presentation of section factors in [[The Blue Book]]|align=right|wrap=true|width=500}} | {{#image_template:image=File:Blue_book_section_factors.png|caption=Format for presentation of section factors in [[The Blue Book]]|align=right|wrap=true|width=500}} | ||
| − | Take the example of a [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|hot rolled open section]], a | + | Take the example of a [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|hot rolled open section]], a 533 x 210 UB 82 from [[The Blue Book]]. If this is exposed in fire on all four sides, the heated perimeter is given by: |
| − | A<sub>m</sub> = | + | A<sub>m</sub> = 2h + 4b + 2πr - 8r - 2t<sub>w</sub> |
| − | where | + | where h, b, r and t<sub>w</sub> are defined as shown to the right. |
(2*528.3) + (4*208.8) + (π*12.7*2) – (8*12.7) – (2*9.6) = 1851mm or 1.851m | (2*528.3) + (4*208.8) + (π*12.7*2) – (8*12.7) – (2*9.6) = 1851mm or 1.851m | ||
| − | The cross sectional area from [[ | + | The cross-sectional area from [[The Blue Book]] is 105cm² or 105E-4m² |
The section factor is therefore 1.851/105E-4 =176.3m<sup>-1</sup> | The section factor is therefore 1.851/105E-4 =176.3m<sup>-1</sup> | ||
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If the [[Fire_protecting_structural_steelwork|fire protection]] forms a box around the section, such as a [[Fire_protecting_structural_steelwork#boards|board]], then the heated perimeter becomes: | If the [[Fire_protecting_structural_steelwork|fire protection]] forms a box around the section, such as a [[Fire_protecting_structural_steelwork#boards|board]], then the heated perimeter becomes: | ||
| − | A<sub>m</sub> = ( | + | A<sub>m</sub> = (2h + 2b) |
(2*528.3) + (2*208.8) = 1.474m and the section factor is 1.474/105E-4 = 140.4, or 140m<sup>-1</sup> when rounded to the nearest 5. | (2*528.3) + (2*208.8) = 1.474m and the section factor is 1.474/105E-4 = 140.4, or 140m<sup>-1</sup> when rounded to the nearest 5. | ||
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If the [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beam]] is carrying a concrete floor slab which shields the top flange, the heated perimeter for unprotected [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beams]] or [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beams]] with profile protection is: | If the [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beam]] is carrying a concrete floor slab which shields the top flange, the heated perimeter for unprotected [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beams]] or [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beams]] with profile protection is: | ||
| − | A<sub>m</sub> = | + | A<sub>m</sub> = 2h + 3b + 2πr - 8r - 2t<sub>w</sub> |
(2*528.3) + (3*208.8) + (π*12.7*2) – (8*12.7) – (2*9.6) = 1.642m | (2*528.3) + (3*208.8) + (π*12.7*2) – (8*12.7) – (2*9.6) = 1.642m | ||
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If the [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beam]] is carrying a concrete floor slab which shields the top flange, the heated perimeter for protection forming a box around the section is: | If the [[Steel_construction_products#Standard_open_sections|beam]] is carrying a concrete floor slab which shields the top flange, the heated perimeter for protection forming a box around the section is: | ||
| − | A<sub>m</sub> = ( | + | A<sub>m</sub> = (2h + b) |
(2*528.3) + (208.8) = 1.265m | (2*528.3) + (208.8) = 1.265m | ||
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{{#image_template:image=File:Column_in_wall.png|align=right|wrap=true|width=400}} | {{#image_template:image=File:Column_in_wall.png|align=right|wrap=true|width=400}} | ||
| − | Where sections are partially exposed, the section factor is calculated based on the full cross sectional area but the exposed perimeter only. One of the most common situations where this occurs is with columns in perimeter walls. For the example shown, which is a 203 x 203 UC 46: | + | Where sections are partially exposed, the section factor is calculated based on the full cross-sectional area but the exposed perimeter only. One of the most common situations where this occurs is with columns in perimeter walls. For the example shown, which is a 203 x 203 UC 46: |
Heated perimeter = 203.6 + (11*2) = 225.6mm | Heated perimeter = 203.6 + (11*2) = 225.6mm | ||
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Rounded to the nearest 5, this is 40m<sup>-1</sup>. | Rounded to the nearest 5, this is 40m<sup>-1</sup>. | ||
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It should be noted that the calculation method in Table 4.2 of BS EN 1993-1-2<ref name="No1"> BS EN 1993-1-2. 2005, Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. General rules. Structural fire design. BSI</ref> uses a more conservative value for the section factor as calculated by division of the exposed steel perimeter [A<sub>exp</sub>] by the exposed steel cross section area [V<sub>exp</sub>] rather than the entire volume of the steel section, despite the fact that heat is conducted into the entire volume of the steel section and also into the mass in contact with the embedded steel surface. | It should be noted that the calculation method in Table 4.2 of BS EN 1993-1-2<ref name="No1"> BS EN 1993-1-2. 2005, Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. General rules. Structural fire design. BSI</ref> uses a more conservative value for the section factor as calculated by division of the exposed steel perimeter [A<sub>exp</sub>] by the exposed steel cross section area [V<sub>exp</sub>] rather than the entire volume of the steel section, despite the fact that heat is conducted into the entire volume of the steel section and also into the mass in contact with the embedded steel surface. | ||
| − | Thus for partially exposed unprotected steel, the Eurocode section factor (A<sub>m</sub>/V) = (A<sub>exp</sub>/V<sub>exp</sub>). | + | Thus, for partially exposed unprotected steel, the Eurocode section factor (A<sub>m</sub>/V) = (A<sub>exp</sub>/V<sub>exp</sub>). |
For the purposes of this calculation, the section factor would be (0.2036+2*0.011/(0.2036*0.011)) = 100.7 | For the purposes of this calculation, the section factor would be (0.2036+2*0.011/(0.2036*0.011)) = 100.7 | ||
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==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| − | + | *Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 5th edition (The Yelllow Book). Published by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection. | |
| − | *Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 5th | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | *[https://asfp.org.uk/ Association for Specialist Fire Protection] | + | *[https://www.asfp.org.uk/ Association for Specialist Fire Protection] |
== CPD == | == CPD == | ||
Revision as of 13:12, 30 April 2020
The section factor of a hot rolled open section, a hot finished/formed hollow section or fabricated girder is defined as the surface area of the member per unit length (Am) divided by the volume per unit length (V). It is measured in units of m-1. It is perhaps simpler to consider it as the heated perimeter of the exposed cross section (Hp) divided by the total cross-sectional area (A). These two definitions give the same answer for uniform cross-sections but the former is the manner in which it is referenced in the fire Eurocodes and which dominates most current literature. Section factors vary from 25m-1 for very large sections to over 300m-1 for small, slender sections.
[top]Calculation of section factors for exposed sections
Take the example of a hot rolled open section, a 533 x 210 UB 82 from The Blue Book. If this is exposed in fire on all four sides, the heated perimeter is given by:
Am = 2h + 4b + 2πr - 8r - 2tw
where h, b, r and tw are defined as shown to the right.
(2*528.3) + (4*208.8) + (π*12.7*2) – (8*12.7) – (2*9.6) = 1851mm or 1.851m
The cross-sectional area from The Blue Book is 105cm² or 105E-4m²
The section factor is therefore 1.851/105E-4 =176.3m-1
This is usually rounded up or down to the nearest 5. So the section factor is therefore 175m-1.
This is correct if the beam is unprotected or if the form of fire protection follows the profile, for example, a spray or an intumescent coating.
If the fire protection forms a box around the section, such as a board, then the heated perimeter becomes:
Am = (2h + 2b)
(2*528.3) + (2*208.8) = 1.474m and the section factor is 1.474/105E-4 = 140.4, or 140m-1 when rounded to the nearest 5.
If the beam is carrying a concrete floor slab which shields the top flange, the heated perimeter for unprotected beams or beams with profile protection is:
Am = 2h + 3b + 2πr - 8r - 2tw
(2*528.3) + (3*208.8) + (π*12.7*2) – (8*12.7) – (2*9.6) = 1.642m
The section factor is therefore 1.642/105E-4 =156.4m-1. Rounded to the nearest 5, this is 155m-1.
If the beam is carrying a concrete floor slab which shields the top flange, the heated perimeter for protection forming a box around the section is:
Am = (2h + b)
(2*528.3) + (208.8) = 1.265m
The section factor is therefore 1.265/105E-4 =120.5m-1. Rounded to the nearest 5, this is 120m-1.
Section factors for the full range of open sections are calculated in the The Blue Book and are provided in the format shown.
[top]Calculation of section factors for partially exposed sections
Where sections are partially exposed, the section factor is calculated based on the full cross-sectional area but the exposed perimeter only. One of the most common situations where this occurs is with columns in perimeter walls. For the example shown, which is a 203 x 203 UC 46:
Heated perimeter = 203.6 + (11*2) = 225.6mm
The section factor is = 0.2256/58.7E-4 = 38.4m-1.
Rounded to the nearest 5, this is 40m-1.
It should be noted that the calculation method in Table 4.2 of BS EN 1993-1-2[1] uses a more conservative value for the section factor as calculated by division of the exposed steel perimeter [Aexp] by the exposed steel cross section area [Vexp] rather than the entire volume of the steel section, despite the fact that heat is conducted into the entire volume of the steel section and also into the mass in contact with the embedded steel surface.
Thus, for partially exposed unprotected steel, the Eurocode section factor (Am/V) = (Aexp/Vexp).
For the purposes of this calculation, the section factor would be (0.2036+2*0.011/(0.2036*0.011)) = 100.7
Rounded to the nearest 5, this is 100m-1.
[top]References
- ↑ BS EN 1993-1-2. 2005, Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. General rules. Structural fire design. BSI
[top]Resources
- Steel construction - Fire Protection supplement, 2013
- SCI P363 Steel Building Design: Design Data, 2013
A web-based interactive version of the 'Blue Book', is also available.
[top]Further reading
- Fire protection for structural steel in buildings 5th edition (The Yelllow Book). Published by the Association for Specialist Fire Protection.