View source for Papdale Halls of Residence, Kirkwall

==Article in Steel construction – education sector supplement, January 2013==
'''Future flexibility'''<br>
Steel construction proved to be the most [[The_case_for_steel#Cost savings in a competitive market|cost-effective]] and economical option for new halls of residence at Kirkwall Grammar School on the Orkney Islands.<br>
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Construction projects on outlying islands, where weather conditions can be extremely changeable, are just the sort of jobs where [[The_case_for_steel|steel construction’s inherent advantages]] come to the fore. 

Structural steelwork is [[Fabrication|prefabricated]] and can be [[Fabrication#Handling and transportation|delivered to site]] in manageable loads, whatever the distance is from [[Fabrication|fabrication]] facility to the project. Steel is also [[The_case_for_steel#Speed of construction|quick to erect]] and this is always an advantage on a project where windy conditions can arise and potentially disrupt the [[Construction#Planning for Construction|construction programme]] at any time. These benefits, and more, have all played a significant role in the [[Construction|construction]] of the Papdale Halls of Residence at Kirkwall Grammar School on the Orkney Islands.

As part of a multi million pound schools investment programme for the islands main contractor, Morrison Construction is also delivering an adjacent new grammar school, a swimming pool and squash courts, and a primary school in Stromness.
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The Papdale Halls of Residence will replace existing halls located nearby. They are an essential element for the new Kirkwall Grammar School as pupils from across the entire Orkney Islands study here. “Pupils from the outlying and northern islands of Orkney cannot travel to and from school in one day,” explains Alan Moar, Orkney Islands Council Project Director. “They will generally arrive on a Monday morning and stay at the halls until Friday.”

In conjunction with the adjacent school build programme, Papdale is scheduled for completion in May. Morrison has been on the overall site since mid 2011, but work on the halls only started in March 2012. Early works included levelling the sloping plot and then installing foundations in preparation for the [[Construction#Steel erection|steelwork erection]] to begin in March.

Steelwork contractor BHC, who has also [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] the 1,200t steel frame for the grammar school, completed the halls in just three weeks. “The [[The_case_for_steel#Speed of construction|speed of steel construction]] was one of the main reasons for choosing the material,” says Ronnie Bruce, Morrison Construction Project Director. “We looked at all options and even if we’d have had to stop [[Construction#Steel erection|erecting steel]] for a period due to windy conditions, it was still the best and most [[The_case_for_steel#Economics|cost efficient]] framing option.”

Working on a location such as the Orkney Islands means all materials have to be transported from the mainland, with the steelwork arriving by ship from Aberdeen. “Steel is more adaptable than other materials as it can be shipped to site in small loads,” comments Alastair Kinghorn, Keppie Project Architect. BHC had to limit the [[Fabrication#Handling and transportation|steel deliveries]] to 25t truckloads, which were taken by road from its South Lanarkshire fabrication facility to the port at Aberdeen. Once shipped to Kirkwall, the steel loads were held in a compound until required on site.
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The Papdale Halls comprise two three storey blocks linked by a ground level passageway and entrance. Together they provide 70 en-suite bedrooms, mostly singles with a few twins and four disability rooms. Each floor is accessed via lift or stairs, with bedrooms all on the upper two floors, while the ground levels accommodate kitchens, laundry, dining rooms, TV lounge and staff quarters. The layout of each block is the same, with a central corridor separating two outer rows of bedrooms.

The two blocks are of similar size and are constructed as steel [[Braced_frames|braced frames]] supporting [[Steel_construction_products#Decking for floors|metal decking]] for the [[Floor_systems#Composite slabs|slabs]]. [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|Bracing]] is located in gable ends and in the lift cores and stairwells. Steel [[Steel_construction_products#Standard open sections|beams and columns]] are based around a fairly regular [[Concept_design#Floor grids|grid pattern]] of 3.75m × 3.75m, with alternate bays larger in one direction at 3.75m × 6.75m. “It’s a [[The_case_for_steel#Take a load off your foundations|lightweight frame]] and for economic reasons the [[Design|design]] has allowed the omission of alternate columns,” explains Mr Kinghorn.

Summing up, Mr Moar adds: “By using steel we have also given ourselves the [[The_case_for_steel#Flexibility for changing times|flexibility]] to extend the halls if necessary. An extension could simply be bolted on to the existing frame.”

==All in the detail==
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The design of the Papdale Halls of Residence consists of two adjacent blocks that both splay outwards from a common linking entrance area. To avoid adjacent bedroom windows directly facing each other, and to give occupants privacy, the inner elevations feature angled bay windows. The angled bays face away from the adjacent block and allow views to the front of the halls, towards the school’s playing fields.

Steel was the only material for this tricky design criteria,” says Alastair Kinghorn, Keppie Project Architect. “To form these bays in any other material would have been costly and labour intensive.” All of the bay windows, straight units for the outer [[Facades_and_interfaces#Types_of_fa.C3.A7ade_systems|façades]] as well as the angled units, were prefabricated by BHC and brought to site as complete pieces. This speeded up [[Construction|construction]] as they were simply and quickly [[Construction#Erection techniques|lifted]] and [[Construction#Site bolting|bolted]] into place.

{|class="wikitable" width=400
|-
|'''Architect'''||Keppie
|-
|'''Structural Engineer'''||A.F.Cruden Associates
|-
|'''Steelwork Contractor'''|||BHC
|-
|'''Main Contractor'''||Morrison Construction, part of Galliford Try
|-
|'''Client'''||Orkney Islands Council
|}

[[Category:Case studies - Education buildings]]