View source for Heron Quays Pavilion, Canary Wharf, London

==Article in [https://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/digi/NSC_Sept18digi/pubData/source/NSC_Sept18digi.pdf#page=18 NSC September 2018]==
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'''On the water'''<br>
A [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] structure, that sits above an east London dock, has benefitted from using a [[Weathering_steel|weathering steel]] base as its all-important lowest level.

Sat on [[Weathering_steel|weathering steel]] grillage, spanning over a portion of Middle Dock in London’s Canary Wharf estate, a unique structure is under [[Construction|construction]]. Measuring 63m-wide × 23m-deep, the five-storey [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] structure will accommodate exclusive guest rooms, restaurants and leisure space, such as a gym and roof terrace for its members.

Numerous high-profile projects have been completed at Canary Wharf over the last three decades, including One Canada Square, which at 236m-tall was the UK’s tallest building until [[The_Shard,_London|the Shard]] came along. However, this job is unique and main contractor Canary Wharf Contractors (CWC) has never attempted any similar projects as Senior Project Manager Eamon McDermott explains: “Whilst we have carried out many successful projects, including the Elizabeth Line station at Canary Wharf in close proximity to water, we have never constructed a building directly over a dock sitting on existing marine piles.”

The project is utilising a series of existing marine piles and pile caps, which were constructed in the early 1980s to support low-rise [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|office buildings]] and a logistics dockside deck that were demolished in 2017. They consist of 44 × 800mm diameter piles, all of which are encased in steel. “In order to re-use the existing marine piles, we had to survey and measure the [[Corrosion_of_structural_steel#Corrosion rates|corrosion rate]] of the steel casings to establish if the pile had sufficient bearing capacity,” adds Mr McDermott. The piles were originally designed for a minimum 100-year design life and, through various testing, CWC was able to confirm that they are still suitable for the projected life of the new structure.
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The foundations are a major factor in the [[Design|design]] of the building as they limit the size and weight of the new structure. Because of this, the choice of a steel framing solution for the building was [[The_case_for_steel|an easy decision]]. “A [[Braced_frames|steel frame]], with [[The_case_for_steel#Take a load off your foundations|lightweight]] concrete [[Floor_systems#Composite slabs|composite slabs]], ensured that the weight of the building would remain relatively light - a constraint brought about because of the re-use of existing piles. It also provided [[Leisure_buildings#Ability to span long distances|long spans]], allowing flexibility for services through holes in the beams and ensuring that tight deflection criteria for the bespoke [[Facades_and_interfaces|cladding]] would be met,” explains Arup Structural Engineer Eloise Allsop. “A steel frame also meant that we could optimise a [[Concept_design#Floor grids|structural grid]] that would spread the loads to the piles as evenly as possible.” 

The initial steelwork installation consisted of [[Construction#Steel erection|erecting]] the steel deck, which forms the lowest level of the structure. This is made up of plated [[Weathering_steel|weathering steel]] beams, which have been designed to spread the vertical loading as evenly as possible to the piles in order to maximise the occupancy space within the building. This was achieved by using deep transfer beams under column locations to spread load from central columns to four piles and edge columns to two piles.

“We chose [[Weathering_steel|weathering steel]] for the deck because of its [[Corrosion_protection|corrosion protection]] properties, and the fact that we are building the project in a marine environment,” adds Mr McDermott. “Initially, we looked at using corrosion protection [[Paint_coatings|paint]], however restricted access between the ground floor and the water for [[Inspection_and_quality_control|inspections]] and maintenance made us re-consider. Also, concrete beams and [[Floor_systems#Precast units|pre-cast slabs]] were considered but again, due to weight restrictions, we decided to go with steel.”

Sat on the [[Weathering_steel|weathering steel]] deck, the Heron Quays Pavilion is a five-storey [[Braced_frames|braced structure]]. [[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|Stability]] is provided by [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|steel bracing]] in the corners of the building as this ensures maximum useable space and flexibility for the client. The geometry of the [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing]] has been set out to avoid [[Residential_and_mixed-use_buildings#Balcony systems|balconies]] and windows. This arrangement has meant that the bracing members need to take both tension and compression and have long lengths for buckling. As a result, the members are stiff and attract vertical loading.

In order to reduce the amount of vertical loading that the bracing members attract a [[Construction#Temporary works|temporary bracing]] strategy was put in place. This strategy involved [[Construction#Temporary works|temporary bracing]] placed in the central portion of the building during [[Construction|construction]], which meant that the self-weight of the concrete slabs was pushed into central columns and locked in place by the time that the permanent bracing structure was in place. This reduced the loads on both the [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing system]] itself and on the most critical piles. The [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing system]] was also stiffened using [[Welding|welded]] plates to reduce the sway deflections of the building.

Steelwork is based around an irregular [[Concept_design#Floor grids|grid pattern]], with columns spaced at 7m, 8m, 9m and 10m, in order to suit the pile cap positions. One line of internal columns allows the building to have uninterrupted spans of up to 10m.

The upper floors are formed with steel beams supporting a concrete slab on [[Steel_construction_products#Decking for floors|metal decking]]. The slabs are generally 130mm thick lightweight concrete and the steel beams are generally 650mm-deep sections. The steel beams are plated sections, which are designed as 650mm-deep to fulfil the deflection criteria and to allow [[Service_integration|services]] to pass through the beams. Holes run through the members on a regular [[Concept_design#Floor grids|grid]] to allow the tenant maximum [[Leisure_buildings#Flexibility and adaptability|flexibility]].

[[Construction#Steel erection|Erecting]] a building over water poses its own challenges and during the steelwork and [[Construction#Installation of metal decking|metal decking installation]] the entire footprint of the ground floor was decked with floating pontoons to enable access for workers and machinery. “There were environmental challenges and we had to seal the deck to prevent grout loss into the dock, and while pouring of concrete we had to monitor operations from a boat to make sure there were no substantial leaks,” adds Mr McDermott. 
<gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=250px> 
Image:Heron_Quays_Pavilion-3.jpg|Model showing the new building and the reused piles 
Image:Heron_Quays_Pavilion-4.jpg|Temporary bracing was used throughout 
Image:Heron_Quays_Pavilion-5.jpg|The pavilion is the latest [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] project at Canary Wharf 
</gallery>
<br>
Steelwork contractor Elland Steel Structures [[Fabrication|fabricated]], supplied and installed 400t of [[Weathering_steel|weathering steel]] for the deck and then a further 1,200t for the main structure. “Most of the steelwork was installed using the site’s 24t-capacity [[Construction#Tower cranes|tower crane]] which is situated alongside the dock in a vacant plot,” sums up Elland Steel Structures Contracts Manager Mark Williamson. “Although the deck and frame consists of numerous heavy [[Steel_construction_products#Plate girders|plate girders]], none of the steel was beyond the crane’s capacity.”

The project is scheduled for completion in June 2019.

==Redistributing loads==
''The structure at Heron Quays is arranged to limit the loads applied to some structural elements. Richard Henderson of the SCI discusses some of the details.''<br>
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The structural arrangement of Heron Quays Pavilion has been influenced by the load carrying capacity of the existing piles. The arrangement of the beams in the transfer structure immediately above the water has been chosen to allow redistribution of loads in the event of settlement of certain critical piles. By providing continuous beams over these piles, any settlement will result in load being redistributed to the adjacent piles, thus relieving the load in the critical one. As an example, consider a beam with two equal spans continuous over its central support which carries a uniform load. The actions in the beam can be determined by equating the deflection δ<sub>B</sub> of the beam without the central support to the deflection resulting from a central upward point load. Settlement of the central support by 20% of the downward deflection δ<sub>B</sub> of the beam will result in 10% of the central support reaction being transferred to each support at the outer ends of the beam. It is likely that there is a high tolerance on any prediction of pile settlement. The magnitude of the load potentially transferred to the outer supports can be managed by adjusting the stiff ness of the beam such that the magnitude of the potential settlement is a relatively small proportion of the beam deflection δ<sub>B</sub>.

The [[Construction#Construction sequence|sequence of construction]] has been modified to limit the permanent loads in the [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing]] provided in the end elevations of the building. To avoid openings in the [[Facades_and_interfaces|façade]], the floor beams interrupt the [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing]] element at first floor level and have a bracing node near mid-span at levels three and four. As a consequence, vertical loads applied to the beams after completion of the [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing system]] will result in axial loads in the bracing members. To limit this effect, [[Construction#Temporary works|temporary bracing]] was provided for [[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|stability]] during [[Construction|construction]] and the bracing member connections were detailed with [[Preloaded_bolting|preloaded bolts]] in slotted holes. The beams were allowed to deflect under the weight of concrete and the bracing joints were completed after concreting had finished. The loads in the permanent bracing resulting from vertical loads on the floor beams were thereby limited to the effects of permanent loads added after completion of the floors (e.g. floor finishes, services and ceilings) and of variable loads. The arrangement of [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing]] in the ends of the building is shown below.

{|class="wikitable" width="400"
|-
|'''Design Architect'''||Jun Aoki Associates
|-
|'''Executive Architect'''||Adamson Associates
|-
|'''Structural Engineer'''||Arup
|-
|'''Steelwork Contractor'''||Elland Steel Structures
|-
|'''Main Contractor'''||Canary Wharf Contractors
|-
|'''Main Client'''||The Quay Club
|}

[[Category:Case studies - Leisure buildings]]