View source for Capital Square, Edinburgh

==Article in [https://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/digi/NSC_Nov19digi/pubData/source/NSC_Nov19digi.pdf#page=12 NSC November 2019]==
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'''Capital Scheme'''<br>
Optimising the number of floors within an overall city centre height limit led the design team to choose a [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] solution for Edinburgh’s Capital Square commercial scheme.

Edinburgh’s largest speculative [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|office development]], located within the City’s Exchange business district, is quickly taking shape with the aid of steel [[Construction|construction]]. The eight-storey [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] building will offer 11,380m<sup>2</sup> of office accommodation, spectacular views across the city from its upper levels and a double-height reception area. Highlighting the need for Grade A office space in the Scottish capital, the top three levels have already been let to Brodies LLP, said to be Scotland’s largest law firm, while another law firm, Pinsent Masons, has let two floors.

The building sits on top of a three-level reinforced concrete basement that accommodates a 110-space public car park. From the ground floor slab upwards, the structure is entirely [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]]. According to BAM Construction Senior Site Manager Derek Cooper, a steel solution for the superstructure was chosen primarily for its [[Multi-storey_office_buildings#Speed of construction|speed and ease of construction]]. The steelwork [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]] began in May, and by the end of September BHC had completed the majority of the frame, excluding some square [[Steel_construction_products#Structural hollow sections|hollow section]] (SHS) ladder frames that will support architectural fins either side of the entrance. These SHS sections will be retrofitted later in the [[Construction|construction]] programme.

Blyth & Blyth Associate Brett Steyn agrees and adds: “The other key driver for the Capital Square development is the limitation in the overall building height given the location of the site in the centre of Edinburgh. “The height limitation meant that any transfer level or structures would impact on the overall number of usable floorplates that could be achieved. The [[Concept_design#Floor grids|column grid]] adopted on site was therefore typically defined to provide a suitable layout for the car parking levels below, while providing clear [[Multi-storey_office_buildings#Flexibility and adaptability|open office floorplates]] above. The grid is irregular in both directions in order to accommodate the best parking layout and traffic flow.”

The office floorplates typically have spans of 10.5m for the secondary beams with spans of between 7.5m to 9m for the primary beams. Meanwhile, the floor-to-ceiling heights were critical in optimising the number of levels the design team could achieve within the overall height limit. This led to the use of [[Steel_construction_products#Cellular beams|cellular beams]] to [[Service_integration|accommodate the services]] within the structural zone, thereby negating the need to increase the floor-to-ceiling heights.
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The structural zone is set at a standard 610mm height and accommodates beams with 400mm cellular openings. The only exception to the [[Steel_construction_products#Cellular beams|cellular beam]] design is the area of the building that accommodates the exit of the main ducting from the central vertical riser. This area had to be considered differently due to the size of the ducts. The ventilation ducts were consequently accommodated beneath non-cellular beams, which were installed within the depth of the slab, so as not to interfere with the important floor-to-ceiling heights.

The floorplates remain the same all the way up the building until the upper two levels, which have steps that provide space for outdoor terraces. There are two terraces, on levels six and seven, while a plant screen extending up from the roof of the structure provides the appearance of a third step. “Most columns within the walls of the steps are situated on main steelwork lines, and therefore do not require transfer structures,” explains Mr Steyn. “However, additional steelwork has been provided to tie the columns in all directions and some columns are situated off main steelwork lines. This required transfer beams, which span between secondary beams transferring the loads back into the main frame of the building.”

[[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|Lateral stability]] for the steelwork is provided by two concrete [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|stair and lift cores]] located on the north and south elevations. These were constructed prior to the steelwork beginning as part of the early concreting programme that also included the construction of the three-storey deep basement car park and the ground floor slab.
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Commenting on the [[Construction|construction]] programme, Mr Cooper says: “This is a very confined site, hemmed in on three sides by existing buildings with only one access route for materials, which is via the busy Morrison Street. “[[Fabrication#Handling and transportation|Steelwork deliveries]] were kept to a minimum and the loads were [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] almost immediately. A concrete frame, on the other hand would have required more deliveries, which would have been problematical.”

Once delivered, all of the steelwork was [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] via the site’s two [[Construction#Tower cranes|tower cranes]], with the heaviest elements weighing 6t, which was easily within the crane’s lifting capacity. The 6t sections are the lowest columns, founded on the ground floor slab.

The site was previously occupied by a 600-space automated car park that used robots to park and retrieve vehicles, allowing cars to be stacked in a way that took up half the space of its competitors. Once this structure was demolished, one of the first tasks BAM Construction had to undertake was the installation of a contiguous piled wall. This provided the lateral support for an excavation process to deepen the existing basement and for the installation of the core’s foundations.

“Because of the confined nature of the site, all of the concreting works had to be completed before we could begin the steelwork programme for the superstructure,” says Mr Cooper.

This prestigious development is aiming to achieve a [[BREEAM|BREEAM]] ‘Excellent’ rating and is scheduled to be complete by May 2020.

{|class="wikitable" width="500"
|-
|'''Architect'''||Hurd Rolland
|-
|'''Structural Engineer'''||Blyth & Blyth
|-
|'''Steelwork Contractor'''||BHC
|-
|'''Main Contractor'''||BAM Construction
|-
|'''Main Client'''||BAM Properties, Hermes Investment Management
|}

[[Category:Case studies - Multi-storey office buildings]]