View source for 52 Lime Street, London

==Article in [http://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/digi/NSCFebruary2017digi/index.html#/22/ NSC February 2017]==
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'''The City’s dramatic addition'''<br>
Eventually reaching a height of 190m, 52 Lime Street is the City of London’s latest standout [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|commercial development]].<br> 
''By Martin Cooper''<br>

Featuring a dramatic architectural shape with asymmetric facets and a pointed attic roof structure, 52 Lime Street has from its inception been dubbed the Scalpel, a name that has since been adopted as the official moniker. Joining a cluster of other prestigious [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|high-rise buildings]] in the square mile, the project will offer 36,966m<sup>2</sup> of internal floor area over 35 office floors, retail and restaurant areas.

Designed by architects Kohn Pedersen Fox, the project also includes a public square. The realm may also provide space for public art and tables linked to a specialist ground floor coffee shop, designed as a nod to the 17th century establishments that acted as meeting houses for London’s fledgling insurance market.

Setting it apart from its neighbours, the Scalpel features an inclined northern [[Steel-supported_glazed_facades_and_roofs|façade]], which has a diagonal fold line running from top to bottom giving the building its distinctive look and name. This [[Steel-supported_glazed_facades_and_roofs|façade]] is formed with a series of cranked [[Steel_construction_products#Plate girders|plate girder]] columns, spaced at 6m centres. For the double-height ground floor these columns are vertical, but from the first floor they are cranked and slope inwards all the way to the building’s pointed top.

Elsewhere, the [[Braced_frames|structural frame]] consists of a [[Composite_construction|composite design]] with steelwork supporting [[Steel_construction_products#Decking for floors|metal decking]] and a concrete slab. All of the floor beams are 670mm-deep fabricated [[Steel_construction_products#Plate girders|plate girders]] with holes in the web to allow [[Service_integration|service integration]] within the structural floor zone. Commenting on the decision to use a steel framing solution Skanska Project Director Ian Perry says: “Using steelwork is the most efficient option for this type of [[Construction|construction]] project as buildability and [[Multi-storey_office_buildings#Speed of construction|speed of construction]] are vital on a city centre job.”

[[Cost_of_structural_steelwork|Cost]] also plays an important role in any [[Construction|construction]] project and the use of a [[Fabrication#Steel Construction Building Information Modelling (BIM) Charter|BIM]] model on this scheme has helped the team ensure the steelwork frame is as efficient as possible. “We’ve made a considerable weight saving as all of the beams have varying flanges and webs depending on the relevant loadings,” explains Arup Project Engineer Steve McKechnie. “All of this was worked out automatically via the [[Fabrication#Steel Construction Building Information Modelling (BIM) Charter|BIM]] model.”
<gallery widths=250px heights=450px> 
Image:52_Lime_Street-2.jpg‎|[[Construction#Steel erection|Steel erection]] progresses within the tight and confined site
Image:52_Lime_Street-5.jpg‎|Visualisation of the completed structure
</gallery>
<br>
Scheduled for a late 2017 completion, main contractor Skanska is well on with its 160-week [[Construction|construction]] programme.

Having taken possession of the site once the demolition of the previous building to ground floor level had been completed, Skanska’s initial task was to complete the basement works prior to the [[Construction#Steel erection|steelwork erection]] starting. A third of the existing basement was partially deepened and, to keep the [[Construction|construction]] programme on schedule, the ground floor slab was cast early. This allowed the basement construction to be done in a top-down method, while the [[Construction#Steel erection|steel erection]] was able to carry on above simultaneously. Early works also included constructing the building’s main [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|concrete core]]. Once this had reached its halfway point at level 17, the [[Construction#Steel erection|steel erection]] programme was kicking off at ground floor.
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Unlike many [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|commercial buildings]], the Scalpel’s main [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]] is offset and positioned along the south elevation, which provides shade from [[Facades_and_interfaces#Solar shading systems|solar gain]]. In this way, the structure’s available floor space has been maximised and internal spans of up to 20m have been achieved. Having an offset [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]] coupled with an inclined north elevation means that the loads on the building are eccentric from the main stability-giving [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]]. To counteract this, the north elevation, as well as the east and west [[Facades_and_interfaces|facades]], have been designed as large perimeter [[Continuous_frames|moment frames]] to add stiffness to the building.

The [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]] houses three banks of lifts; one for the lower levels (1 to 12), one for the mid-levels (13 to 24), and one for the upper levels (25 to 35). This means the [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]] decreases in size towards the top as only one bank of lifts is accommodated at the upper levels. Again, this has helped the project further maximise the available floor space.

Because of the building’s inclined northern elevation, floor areas decrease from 1,466m<sup>2</sup> on the second floor to 614m<sup>2</sup> on level 35, the uppermost office floor. Up to level 21 the building has one row of internal columns, but as the floorplates decrease these are no longer needed and by level 24 there are none.

Topping the building is a 10-storey triangular attic that will house plant and maintenance walkways. A high piece count would have ordinarily been expected for this structure so, in order to make the [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]] process as easy as possible and iron-out any snags, William Hare will [[Accuracy_of_steel_fabrication#Trial erection|trial erect]] this portion of the building at its [[Fabrication|fabrication]] yard. “Once it has been [[Accuracy_of_steel_fabrication#Trial erection|trial erected]] the attic structure will be dismantled and then brought to site in the largest pieces that can be [[Fabrication#Handling and transportation|transported]] and [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] by the on-site [[Construction#Tower cranes|tower cranes]],” explains Mr Perry.

The attic is a complex steel structure designed to be [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] floor level by floor level, with each level immediately stable upon erection. Designing the attic in this way was vital as there is no [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]] this high up the building to give [[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|stability]] and no internal floors to provide any [[Braced_frames#Horizontal diaphragms|diaphragm action]].

The steelwork programme is due to be completed in the summer and the Scalpel will be handed over at the end of the year.

==Wind protection==
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Because of the building’s triangular-like shape and the prevailing south-westerly winds that will hit the structure’s narrowest point, a total of seven viscous dampers have been installed within the north elevation steelwork. Viscous dampers are hydraulic devices that dissipate the kinetic energy of the building and stop the build-up of uncomfortable side to side accelerations in a wind storm. Because they are built into the [[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|stability]] system of the building they provide damping at a fraction of the cost and take up less space than the more traditional “Tuned Mass Damper” or TMD.

{|class="wikitable" width="400" 
|-
|'''Architect'''||Kohn Pedersen Fox
|-
|'''Structural Engineer'''||Arup
|-
|'''Steelwork Contractor'''||William Hare
|-
|'''Main Contractor'''||Skanska
|-
|'''Main Client'''||W.R Berkley Corporation
|}

[[Category:Case studies - Multi-storey office buildings]]