View source for LSQ London

==Article in [http://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/digi/NSC_January16_digi/index.html#/18/ NSC January 2016]==
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'''Steel construction gets the red carpet'''<br>
One of Europe’s largest [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façades]] is being incorporated into a new [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] mixed-use development on London’s famous Leicester Square.<br> 
''By Martin Cooper''<br> 

Retaining London’s listed façades has become a widespread feature of [[Construction|construction]] projects in the capital during the last decade. Recent examples include Oxford Street’s ongoing redevelopment which is largely being carried out behind [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façades]], while the busy thoroughfare of Kingsway and the City’s [[8_Finsbury_Circus,_London|Finsbury Circus]] have both seen major developments that have incorporated retained elements. Whether projects involve partial or complete [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|façade retentions]], the importance of keeping these historic, and quite often listed, street frontages is vital in maintaining London’s traditional streetscape.

Developers and tenants alike want modern spacious [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|offices]] and the best way of attaining this on a plot, which has a listed façade, is to demolish the buildings innards while propping and retaining the perimeter walls. A new modern structure can then be built behind the walls and incorporate the historic or listed façade.

One of Europe’s largest [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façades]] is currently being incorporated into the redevelopment of LSQ London in central London. Formerly known as Communications House, this 1920s building that overlooked one of London’s most famous squares was said to have many attractive features. However over the past 90 or so years it has been enlarged several times and had become inefficient in terms of maximum utilisation of space.

“Our brief was to create a high-spec [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|office building]] and we felt that the goal was not just to reimagine but reinvent, while also retaining the look and feel of the original building, which is liked and admired by so many people,” says Make Lead Architect Frank Filskow. “Our [[Design|design]] makes the best of the existing building by [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retaining the historic façades]], and sensitively restoring them to maintain the integrity of the original architectural features and details.
<gallery widths=300px heights=250px> 
Image:LSQ_London-2.jpg|Visualisation of the completed LSQ London
Image:LSQ_London-4.jpg|The new feature roof rises up above the retained elements
</gallery>
<br>
“The [[Design|design]] of the building naturally leant itself to using steel for the primary structural elements. The [[Design|design]] of the new steel structure introduced a new central [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|core]], and enabled clear, open-plan floorplates, improving the office spaces within the building.” Waterman Structures Director Jody Pearce agrees and says: “One of the key aspects of a [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|façade retention]] scheme is the alignment of new floors with existing window openings. We promoted the use of a steel frame as it offered the flexibility needed to suit the various interfaces that occur with the existing façade.”

“By [[Service_integration|integrating the suspended services]] within the structural [[Composite_construction#Downstand beams|downstand beam]] zone, the depth of the floor zone against the façade was minimised, thus assisting the alignment of new floors with existing windows further.”
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The project’s main contractor Brookfield Multiplex started on site during November 2014, by which time the demolition work had been completed leaving four propped façades surrounding a cleared site. “Our first task was to construct a secant piled wall and the main central bearing piles. Then we excavated and enlarged the existing basement into a two-level deep facility, removing 13,000m<sup>3</sup> of overburden in the process,” explains Brookfield Multiplex Project Director Asif Hashmi.

Once this preliminary work and construction of the two main raft slabs were completed, steelwork contractor Bourne Steel was able to begin [[Construction#Steel erection|erecting]] the new steel frame that begins at lower basement level. “Getting the steel frame [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] and subsequently tied into the existing façade is vital, and it is one of the main drivers of the scheme,” adds Mr Hashmi. “Once the frame connecting into the [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façade]] was [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] and the concrete floors cast, we were able to begin removing the extensive [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|façade retention]] steelwork that surrounds the site and start work on renovating the original stonework and installing new windows.”

The new steel frame is structurally independent and gains its [[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|stability]] from two steel braced [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|cores]]. Once the temporary propping was removed the new steel frame supports and restrains the four [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façades]], and so before the propping could be removed a large number of [[#Steel to steel connections|connecting brackets]] had to be installed.
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The project’s new steel frame forms two basement levels and a ground floor, which will accommodate high-end retail outlets and a main entrance lobby. Above the ground floor there are seven floors of [[Multi-storey_office_buildings|office accommodation]], five of which are incorporated into the [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façade]]. An elegant new curved roof will enclose the two uppermost floors, offering a unique 21st Century interpretation of the traditional London mansard style.

The steelwork has been [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] around a regular [[Concept_design#Floor grids|grid pattern]] with internal office spans of up to 15m. [[Steel_construction_products#Cellular beams|Cellular beams]] have been utilised throughout for [[Service_integration|service integration]] and to minimise the structural void between floors.

The new fifth floor will be clad with Portland stone to integrate with the [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|retained façade]] below. This floor level’s steelwork is topped with a ring beam that goes around the entire perimeter of the building. The ring beam is formed from jumbo box sections measuring 650mm × 450mm with a 25mm thickness. The sections were [[Fabrication#Handling and transportation|brought to site]] in 3.5m-long sections each weighing 3t. “The box section ring beam performs two functions,” says Bourne Steel Divisional Manager Kevin Springett. “The columns for the feature roof are supported by the beam as these are not aligned with the main columns for the rest of the building, and the stone cladding for the sixth floor is also hung from the beam.”

The steel feature roof slopes outwards from the two centrally positioned [[Concept_design#Concrete or steel cores|cores]] and is formed with a cranked steel frame, which in turn supports a lightweight aluminium frame and glazing. This new and elegant curved mansard roof encloses the building and offers a modern interpretation of the traditional mansard style where arch geometry sits atop a classical base. “This respectful, contemporary addition to the building composition reduces the existing top-heavy visual mass. The curve also seeks to ensure the building blends in seamlessly with the surrounding buildings of Leicester Square,” sums up Mr Filskow.

LSQ London is scheduled for completion in the third quarter of 2016.

==Steel to steel connections==
The steel-framed façade at LSQ London mostly dates from the 1920s and 1930s, however some areas, were added during the 1960s. The steel columns are all encased in Portland stone and consequently in good condition. However, steelwork originating from various decades required extensive laboratory tests to determine its make-up prior to making the [[Construction#Site welding|welded connections]] for new brackets.

“We’ve installed a total of 250 brackets that connect the new steel frame to the retained façade’s [[Braced_frames|steel-framed]] columns,” explains Bourne Steel Divisional Manager Kevin Springett. “The lab tests allowed for a trouble-free [[Construction#Site welding|onsite welding]] process and as we were sure of the existing columns makeup it meant works onsite ran smoothly and efficiently,” adds Brookfield Multiplex Project Director Asif Hashmi.

==Site welding – to existing steelwork==
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''By SCI Associate Director David Brown''<br>
 
The [[Facades_and_interfaces#Facade retention in building renovation|façade retention]] at 48 Leicester Square demonstrates that when properly thought through, [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]] is an entirely appropriate technique – and also demonstrates the adaptability of steelwork structures. [[Construction#Site welding|Site welding]] is sometimes thought of as slightly suspicious, but this notion is misguided – the proposition should be that with proper consideration, [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]] has the same high quality results as [[Welding|welding]] in the workshop. In other parts of the world, [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]] is very common.

When [[Welding|welding]] existing material, the original material must be investigated and tested. For this project, the original dates of around 1920 makes it very likely that the material was steel – slightly older and there would be a possibility that the beams were of wrought iron rather than steel. The key to successful [[Welding|welding]] (there being no difference between shop and site) is to demonstrate that a successful [[Welding#Procedure tests|test weld]] can be produced in circumstances that very closely reflect the ‘final’ weld. A preliminary [[Welding#Weld procedure specifications|welding procedure specification]] will be developed, fully describing the material, all the electrical parameters, the consumables, the joint type and welding orientation. The material used in the test should be that encountered in the real situation – in this case the steel from the façade. The test piece is subject to a number of tests, which if successful, demonstrate that the procedure is appropriate and can be used with confidence.

The [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]] must follow, in every aspect, the parameters, consumables, welding position etc. that were proved by the [[Welding#Weld procedure specifications|welding procedure specification]]. [[Welding]] must only be carried out by properly [[Welding#Welder qualification|qualified personnel]] – for the [[Welding#Processes|welding process]], material, joint type and welding position. In some circumstances it is necessary to make special arrangements for [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]]. Safe access is an obvious issue, but it may also be necessary to provide protection from the weather.

[[Welding#Non-destructive testing|Non-destructive testing]] should follow the completion of the welding as the final operation to assure the [[Welding#Weld quality|quality]] of the welding. The [[Steelwork_specification#The National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction|National Structural Steelwork Specification]] is recommended as the default acceptance criteria for both shop and [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]].

Although [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]] to existing steelwork may not be common, it can be completed safely and with confidence in the final result. For designers, there is a range of support resources that cover [[Steel_construction_products#Historical structural steelwork|material and section sizes likely to be found in existing buildings]], with guidance on the [[Design|design]] assumptions at the time that may assist in any assessment of the existing structure. Specific guidance is available covering [[Construction#Site welding|site welding]].

'''Resources: '''
*[[Media:Historical_Steelwork_Handbook.pdf|Historical Structural Steelwork Handbook, Publication No. 11/84, BCSA 1984]]
*Appraisal of Existing Iron and Steel Structures, SCI
*Guide to Site Welding, SCI
*Typical Welding Procedure Specifications for Structural Steelwork, BCSA
*[[Media:BCSA_52-10.pdf|National Structural Steelwork Specification (5th Edition, CE Marking Version), BCSA]]
<br>
{|class="wikitable" width="400"
|-
|'''Architect'''||Make
|-
|'''Structural Engineer'''||Waterman Structures
|-
|'''Steelwork Contractor'''||Bourne Steel
|-
|'''Main Contractor'''||Brookfield Multiplex Construction Europe
|-
|'''Main Client'''||Linseed Assets
|}

[[Category:Case studies – Multi-storey office buildings]]