View source for InterContinental London - The O2, Greenwich

==Article in [http://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/digi/NSCMar2015/index.html#/12/ NSC March 2015]==
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'''Ballroom challenge completed with steel'''<br>
A series of 42m-long steel [[Trusses|trusses]] has been [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] to form the roof of Europe’s largest pillar free ballroom at a [[Residential_and_mixed-use_buildings#Hotels|hotel development]] in south London.<br> 

An important part of the Greenwich Peninsula redevelopment scheme, the 19-storey high five star InterContinental London – The O2, which is currently under [[Construction|construction]] adjacent to the O2 arena, will on completion boast 453 rooms and Europe’s largest pillar free ballroom. The scheme, which also includes a multi-storey [[Residential_and_mixed-use_buildings|apartment block]], is the latest stage in revitalising a former industrial area of south London into a key part of the capital’s commercial landscape.

The [[Residential_and_mixed-use_buildings#Hotels|hotel]] has been designed to [[Sustainability#Understanding BREEAM|BREEAM ‘Excellent’]] sustainability standards with features such as a green roof and partaking in the local district heating scheme. Leisure facilities will include a health spa with an indoor swimming pool, several restaurants and a panoramic sky bar. But it is the massive 3,200m<sup>2</sup> column-free space that adjoins the main hotel tower and is situated above two basement car parking levels that really stands out.

“This large space is a ballroom for up to 2,500 guests seated for dinner or a 3,000 person standing event,” explains RTKL Associate Director Mike Dooling. “The ability to have one large column-free area is a big marketing driver for the venue and the hotel targeting a number of large events. It can be subdivided into 14 individual spaces providing a highly flexible range of spaces from 200 to 3,200m<sup>2</sup>. More than 250m of sliding [[Acoustics|acoustic]] partitions running on ceiling tracks supported by the steel structure provide the [[Acoustic_performance_of_walls|acoustic separation]] between these individual areas.”
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Designing the space required the project team to think outside of the box, in this case the reinforced concrete box that not only forms the basement car park upon which the ballroom sits, but also the surrounding walls.

The ballroom measures 40m × 80m and the only way the project team say they could economically construct a roof over this space without any internal columns was to use a series of steel [[Trusses|trusses]]. “A number of issues, as well as the [[Leisure_buildings#Ability to span long distances|long spans]], led us down the steel route,” explains Fairhurst Technical Manager James Toon. “Importantly steel could be procured and [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] quickly and this was important as we had to incorporate some [[Design|design]] changes quite late in the day.”

One of the challenges revolved around  how to distribute the extra loadings that would be exerted to the structure’s steelwork after it was decided that the ballroom’s [[Trusses|trusses]] would need to accommodate heavier hanging exhibition items. Fairhurst along with the project’s steelwork contractor Apex Steel Structures designed the [[Trusses|trusses]] with larger member sizes and added a series of 2t capacity lifting eyes, which are spaced at approximately 8m centres that will allow exhibits such as cars to be hung from the steelwork.

There are nine central [[Trusses|trusses]] in total, spaced at 8m centres and each one is 42m-long × 2.5m high and weighs 39t. Apex [[Fabrication|fabricated]] each [[Trusses|truss]] in four separate pieces for ease of [[Fabrication#Handling and transportation|delivery]] and [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]]. “Before delivering the steel sections to site we [[Accuracy_of_steel_fabrication#Trial erection|trial erected]] each [[Trusses|truss]] to make sure they could be [[Construction#Site bolting|bolted]] together exactly,” says Apex Steel Structures Owner Scott Jarvis.

Each [[Trusses|truss]] section was fully [[Welding|welded]] up at the [[Fabrication|fabrication]] works and each connection required a full [[Welding#Butt welds|butt weld]]. To make the onsite assembly quicker, [[Simple_connections#Fin plates|fin plates]] were [[Welding|welded]] on to each member to form the connection points between [[Trusses|truss]] sections. This made the on-site assembly quicker, but even so, approximately 140 bolts per splice joint were still required.
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Once on-site three moveable [[Construction#Temporary works|temporary steel towers]], built especially for the project, were then used to support the sections during the [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]] process. Once four sections had been [[Construction#Site bolting|bolted]] together and a [[Trusses|truss]] was in place, the towers were jacked down and repositioned in readiness for the next steel sections. Speed was of the essence on this project and Apex says it [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] three [[Trusses|trusses]], including all of the interlinking members – that comes to a total of 175t, every week.

For the [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]] process two [[Construction#Mobile cranes|mobile cranes]] were used, each one positioned either side of the ballroom, and working in tandem with a 300t capacity self-erecting [[Construction#Tower cranes|tower crane]] together with a mini crane on the first floor ballroom slab. “It would have been easier to erect the [[Trusses|trusses]] one at a time with one large [[Construction#Mobile cranes|mobile crane]] positioned centrally on the ballroom floor,” says Mr Toon. “But the concrete frame construction sequence couldn’t accommodate this.”

By the time the steelwork was ready to be [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] the ballroom’s concrete walls had already been cast, which meant the project team needed to hire in [[Construction#Mobile cranes|cranes]] with a capacity and reach to lift [[Trusses|truss]] members over the two-storey, 8m high walls.

The steelwork programme has been completed on the project and the venue is booked for the first major events to take place towards the end of 2015.

==Steelwork in action==
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A further 400t of structural steelwork is being [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] by Apex Steel Structures on other parts of the overall project. On the opposite side of the hotel tower to the ballroom, the company has [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] a three-storey extension that will house a ground floor swimming pool with a conference space above.

Steel was chosen as the only option for the hotel extension as [[Leisure_buildings#Flexibility and adaptability|clear column-free areas]] were required with spans of up to 18m.

The top of the residential tower will feature rooftop penthouse accommodation with a winter garden, formed with [[Steel_construction_products#Structural hollow sections|tubular steel members]]. Together with further steel required at the top of the hotel this work comprises a further 100t of steel. These structures have been designed to be [[Construction#Steel erection|erected]] in small light sections, as each member has to be lifted into place by one of the site’s [[Construction#Tower cranes|tower cranes]].

==Steel [[Trusses|trusses]]==
''By Dr Richard Henderson (SCI)''
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The span of the roof over the ballroom is about 42m, equal to 11.5 standard motorway traffic lanes and the clear height is 8m. Vertical structure like much of the rest of the hotel development is in reinforced concrete with shear walls providing lateral [[Concept_design#Structural options for stability|stability]] to the building. Speed of procurement and [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]] was a major criterion in the choice of roof structure. Consideration of the possible options for materials of [[Construction|construction]] and the corresponding implications for design risk, [[The_case_for_steel#Offsite fabrication for precision parts|off-site manufacture]], delivery and speed of [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]] rapidly leads to identifying structural steel as the favoured material.

Conventional wisdom (as set out in the Steel Designers’ Manual) suggests that parallel chord [[Trusses|trusses]] have an economic span of between 6m and 50m with a spacing of one quarter to one fifth of the span. Economic span to depth ratios for such [[Trusses|trusses]] are 15 to 25. Elements of 42m span about 2.5m deep at 8m centres fall squarely within these ranges.

A concrete roof deck at the level of the top chord, supported on transverse beams spanning 8m between [[Trusses|trusses]], provides lateral support in the permanent condition. This deck also ensures that the principal design combination of actions for the [[Trusses|trusses]] is gravity so a [[Trusses#Pratt_truss_.28.27N.27_truss.29|Pratt truss]] (with the longer diagonal web members in tension) is an economic truss form. The top chord is in fact sloped at 1° to the centre of the span, giving a rise of about 360mm over 21m. The [[Trusses|trusses]] are provided with [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|vertical bracing]] at the ends of the span and two further panels of [[Braced_frames#Vertical bracing|bracing]] within the span to [[Trusses#Lateral stability|stabilise them out of plane]], which is necessary during [[Construction#Steel erection|erection]]. A sliding bearing is provided at one end, allowing plus or minus 35mm of movement.

The steelwork is all concealed and individual members are [[Steel_construction_products#Standard open sections|hot rolled UC sections]] with all webs in the vertical plane. The [[Trusses|trusses]] are [[Fabrication|fabricated]] in four sections about 10.5m long for ease of handling, with fully [[Welding|welded]] joints between chords and web members. Splices in tension members are detailed with [[Welding|welded]] cover plates on one side of the joint and tension control bolts. In the top chord, the splices are detailed with end plates to provide a bearing connection. Cover plates are also detailed to carry the strut-moment.

[[Trusses|Trusses]] are a well-understood, straightforward form of [[Construction|construction]] and provide an effective solution for the 3200 m<sup>2</sup> column-free ballroom.

{|class="wikitable" width="400"
|-
|'''Architect'''||RTKL
|-
|'''Structural Engineer'''||Fairhurst
|-
|'''Steelwork Contractor'''||Apex Steel Structures
|-
|'''Main Contractor'''||Balfour Beatty
|-
|'''Main Client'''||Grove Developments
|}

[[Category:Case studies - Leisure buildings]]