Hollow sections in fire

Aesthetic finish on thin film intumescent coatings on hollow and open sections
(Image courtesy of Sherwin-Williams Protective and Marine Coatings)

Structural hollow sections provide architects and engineers with aesthetically pleasing and structurally efficient solutions. Hollow sections have a constant external dimension for all weights of a given size, which enables them to achieve standardisation of architectural and structural details throughout the full height of the building. The uniformity of shape and properties means that they more are efficient in certain design conditions than open sections. Fire resistance in structural hollow sections can be achieved by the use of:

• External fire protection, usually thin film intumescent coatings
• Concrete filling with reinforcement
• Concrete filling combined with external fire protection.

This article examines all three approaches.

Fire protecting structural hollow sections

Preformed casings using thick film epoxy intumescents
(Image courtesy of Nuvia)

The most common form of fire protection for structural hollow sections is thin film intumescent coatings, although thick film epoxy intumescents in the form of preformed casings have also been used in external situations or internal situations where atmospheric conditions are too severe or concerns about damage are too great to allow the use of thin film coatings. The thickness of structural fire protection is usually based on the section factor of the tube. Typically the thickness of thin film intumescent coating required for a hollow section is greater than for an open column section with the same capacity. However, this is balanced by the fact that the surface area is greater for the open column.

Thin film intumescent coating comparison for similar open and hollow sections

	305 x 305 UC 97 Grade S355	244.5 x 14.2 CHS Grade S355
Length (m)	4	4
Buckling capacity (kN)	3310	3330
Section factor, 4-sided exposure (m-1)	145	75
Thickness of typical on-site applied thin film intumescent coating (μm) 60 minutes fire resistance	457a	599a
Thickness of typical on-site applied thin film intumescent coating (μm) 90 minutes fire resistance	1418a	2628a
Surface area (m2)	7.16	3.07

^a Data taken as the average of a number of different products in February 2013

Reducing thin film intumescent coating thickness on hollow sections by design

The thickness of thin film intumescent coatings on structural hollow section columns is usually based on a limiting temperature, generally but not always 550°C, and the section factor. However, if it can be shown that the column is not fully loaded, the limiting temperature may be increased and the coating thickness reduced. Most manufacturers of have data to support this and will supply the required thicknesses if an alternative limiting temperature is given. For example, take the 244.5 x 14.2 CHS described above. For 90 minutes fire resistance, using a default limiting temperature, the coating thickness, averaged over a range of products, is 2628μm. However, if the column is loaded to 83% (a load ratio of 0.5) of its capacity then, according to BS 5950 Part 8 the limiting temperature increases considerably. This can result in a significant reduction in the required coating thickness.

This approach can be extended by examining the potential for redesigning the column. Take again the 244.5 x 14.2 CHS and assume it to be fully loaded with a coating thickness of 2628μm. The column can be replaced by a 244.5 x 16 CHS, which keeps the footprint constant while decreasing the section factor and increasing the load bearing capacity. The change has the effect of decreasing the section factor to 65m^-1 and, over a 4m length, increasing the load bearing capacity from 3300kN to 3670kN. The impact of increasing the load carrying capacity is to reduce the load ratio and increase the limiting temperature by over 40°C. Combined, this decrease in section factor and increase in limiting temperature reduces the coating thickness of 2628μm to around 1300μm.

Similar calculations on limiting temperatures can be carried out for columns using BS EN 1993-1-2 (called critical temperature,θ_a,cr, in that standard). These are provided in terms of what is called the utilization factor, μ₀, (the Eurocode equivalent of load ratio).

This approach may or may not be cost effective. In general, the smaller the section (and usually therefore, the higher the section factor and the thicker the coating) and the longer the fire resistance period required, the more likely it is that it will be worthwhile. It will however be a balance between a number of factors. The most important of these is the relationship between the cost of application of the intumescent coating and the added cost of the steel. It is worth being aware also that there is a maximum coating thickness that can be applied in a single application and that cost of application of intumescent coatings is a function of the number of coats required. It follows therefore that is possible in some instances that a relatively small decrease in coating thickness can reduce the number of applications required and therefore have a substantial impact on costs.

Concrete filled and reinforced structural hollow sections

Schematic of a reinforced, concrete filled hollow section

By filling hollow sections with concrete, a composite section is produced which will increase the section’s room temperature load carrying capacity, whilst retaining all the advantageous features of the basic unfilled section. Alternatively, for the same original load capacity, it permits smaller composite sections to be used. Any reduction in section size also gives advantages in subsequent construction processes, including a reduced surface area for painting and a reduced footprint (and increased lettable area). Filled hollow sections will need to contain reinforcement in the mix in order to minimise column dimensions and to sustain the required fire limit state design loads for fire resistance periods of 60 minutes or more.

Design guidance and software (Firesoft) for the design of reinforced, concrete filled hollow sections in fire is available. The software is based on the European code for composite construction for ambient conditions, BS EN 1994-1-1, the main difference between ambient and fire designs being the modifications of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures for the fire conditions.

Concrete filled hollow sections with external fire protection

There will be occasions, particularly where the column is subjected to moments, when the most economical solution to the design of a fire resistant concrete filled hollow section will be to design for maximum structural efficiency and to obtain the required fire resistance by the application of a conventional fire protection material, usually a thin film intumescent coating. The presence of the concrete core acts as a heat sink and enables reductions in the protection thickness to be made compared to a similar unfilled section. For passive fire protection materials such as boards and sprays, BS 5950 Part 8 , Section 8.6.2 contains fire protection thickness modification factors. These are not suitable for reactive materials such as intumescent coatings. A paper published by Tata Steel (then British Steel) in 1998 quantified the impact of concrete filling when using thin film intumescent coatings in terms of an effective section factor.

The Effective section factor for a circular hollow section of external diameter D can be defined as:

(A_m/V)e = 1/[(t_s + t_ce)*[1 - (t_s + t_ce)/D]

Where:

t_ce = apparent increase in wall thickness due to the presence of the concrete.

The value of t_ce is time dependent and has been quantified to a high accuracy for filled CHS as:

either

t_ce = 1.858T^0.5 when d_i > 24.717T^0.5

or

t_ce = 0.1206d_i[2 – d_i /(17.955T^0.5)] when d_i ≤ 24.717T^0.5

where:

T = the heating time in the standard fire test in minutes

d_i = the internal CHS diameter in mm

An alternative set of expressions have been developed for square hollow sections:

either:

t_ce = 1.810T^0.5 when b_i > 20.972T^0.5

or:

t_ce = 0.1193b_i[2 – b_i /(16.422T^0.5)] when b_i ≤ 20.972T^0.5

where:

T = the heating time in the standard fire test in minutes

b_i = the internal dimension size in mm

The thickness of a thin film intumescent coating required for a given fire resistance period when filled with concrete can be calculated on the basis of the effective section factor.

Recent research carried out by a leading intumescent coating manufacturer and the University of Edinburgh indicates that these equations are generally conservative and in some cases may be very much so. It may well prove to be of value therefore to check the film thicknesses found using the equations with those available from a manufacturer who has carried out recent testing.

Aesthetic finishes using thin film intumescent coatings

Because structural hollow sections are often chosen as a consequence of their superior aesthetic appearance, it follows that any applied fire protection will also be required to preserve an attractive finish. ASFP Technical Guidance Document 16 provides the following information on finishes for thin film intumescent coatings:

The quality of finishes falls under the following categories:

1. Basic Finish The coating system achieves the required fire performance and corrosion protection performance, but is not required to achieve any requirement for standard of finish


2. Decorative Finish In addition to the requirements for (1) above, a good standard of cosmetic finish is generally required, when viewed from a distance of 5m. Minor orange peel or other texture resulting from application or localised repair is acceptable


3. Bespoke Finish In addition to the requirements for (2) above, the coating finish is required to have a standard of evenness, smoothness and gloss agreed between the Specifier and Contractor.

Application of thin film intumescent coatings for an aesthetic finish requires additional time and care over that required for non-aesthetic application. It is acknowledged that the skill of the applicator is a major factor in achieving an acceptable finish. Some applicators specialise in aesthetic application and it may be prudent to consult with the manufacturer for advice on this.

Providing aesthetic finishes to thin film intumescent coatings can be particularly difficult when using off-site application. It can, and has, been done but offers particular problems, mainly due to the fact that off-site applied coatings inevitably require some repair. It is difficult, but not of course impossible, to match the finish in areas that require repair with the finish in unaffected areas. The advice of the applicator should always be sought in these circumstances.

Case Studies

• 

  Queensberry House, London

• 

  Fleet Place House, London

• 

  Monteverto Apartments, London

• 

  Seg Plaza, Shenzhen

Resources

• Steel construction - Fire Protection supplement, 2013
• NCCI: PN006a-GB Design of reinforced, concrete filled, hot finished structural steel hollow sections in fire

See also

• Fire protecting structural steelwork
• Canculating section factors
• Structural fire resistance requirements

CPD

• Design for fire
• Fire engineering seminars 2013